Small Business enterprice Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Private company enterprice - Essay Example In the United Kingdom, the little and medium ventures are the huge supplier of occupations to the masses and it is upon the capability of such little endeavors, even the national government banks. In the nation, such organizations are seen to be the activity makers as well as riches makers. Such associations get ideal help of the administration so that those could well flourish in to their endeavors (Ariyo, 2008). As indicated by the information of 2002, in the United Kingdom 94.7% of all the enlisted business had worker quality of under 10 and another 4.4% in the middle of 10 to 49. The little undertakings gave over 43% of the complete occupations in the nation. Another 11.9% workforce was utilized by the medium undertakings (representative quality in the middle of 50 to 249). The little and medium endeavors additionally had critical offer in the all out turnover as it contributed practically 52% of the whole turnover leaving other 48% to the enormous enterprises (that had representative quality of at least 250). The business of United Kingdom have consistently distinguished little and medium undertakings as the significant wellspring of development and flourishing as it generally produced huge portion of work. Route in 1930, the business of little and medium undertakings contributed with over 35% of complete work. It encountered steep abatement till the 6th decade of the only remaining century and remained practically stale for the following ten years at around 20%. Since 1970, the business has again taken sharp ascent and there has been no thinking back. It is evaluated that in the time of 2000, the part given over 45% of work to the number of inhabitants in the United Kingdom. As per the Enterprise Directorate Analytical Unit of 2007 (gave by Department to Business, Enterprise and Regulatory Reform), the little and medium ventures included 99% of the UK economy. The report likewise centered around the way that 14.23 million of the workforce (out of absolute workforce of 30 million) works

How to Improve a Students Self-Esteem

Step by step instructions to Improve a Students' Self-Esteem Weve since quite a while ago realized that when understudies like themselves, they are considerably more prone to turn out to be better achievers in the study hall. Encouraging can-do mentalities and building understudies certainty by setting them up for progress and furnishing positive input alongside visit acclaim are fundamental devices for the two educators and guardians. Consider yourself, the more sure you feel, the better you feel about the job needing to be done and your capacity to do it. At the point when a kid is liking themselves, its a lot simpler to spur them to turn out to be scholastically capable. Confidence Comes First Whats the following stage? As a matter of first importance, so as to help develop confidence, we must be cautious in the manner in which we give criticism. Dweck (1999), a defender of the development mentality approach,â argues that having a specific objective direction, (learning objective or execution objective) to put together criticism with respect to instead of individual orientated commendation will be progressively successful. At the end of the day, abstain from utilizing explanations like: Im pleased with you; Wow, you buckled down. Rather, center the recognition around the undertaking or procedure. Applause the understudies explicit exertion and procedure. For example, I notice you chose the shape a-connections to take care of that issue, that is an incredible technique. I saw that you didnt make any computational blunders this time! When utilizing this kind of input, youve tended to both confidence and youve upheld the childs inspirational level for scholastic objectives. Tips for Building Self Esteem Confidence is significant all through the study hall. Instructors and guardians can bolster confidence by recalling a portion of the accompanying: Continuously emphasize the positive: Do you ever see those experiencing a low confidence will in general spotlight on the negative? Youll hear explanations like: Oh, I was never any acceptable at that. I cannot keep companions. This really shows this individual needs to such as themselves more!Give kids the chance to disclose to you 10 things they like about themselves: Prompt them to state things they can progress admirably, things they like. You will be astounded at what number of youngsters experiencing low confidence experience issues with this undertaking - youll need to give prompts. (This is likewise an incredible start of the year activity)Avoid analysis: Those experiencing low confidence battle the most when given analysis. Be touchy to this. Continuously recollect that confidence is about how much kids feel esteemed, acknowledged, acknowledged, cherished and having a decent feeling of self-esteem. Having a decent mental self portrait. Comprehend that as guardians and instru ctors, you play probably the greatest job in how fortunate or unfortunate a kid can feel about themselves. The impact of a parent or instructor can understand confidence. Dont misuse it. Desires should consistently be practical: This obliges setting kids up for progress. Separated guidance is critical and goes far to guarantee that educators know their understudies and guarantees the sorts of errands/desires coordinate the childs qualities and capacity levels.See the learning in blunders or missteps: Turn botches back to front and spotlight on what was or will be found out from the mix-up. This enables a youngster to concentrate on the positive, not the negative. Remind understudies that everybody commits errors however its how those mix-ups are dealt with that has the effect. We have to consider them to be learning openings. Incredible learning can frequently be simply the consequence of a mix-up regard is a significant part to nearly everything youngsters do: Not just will it help with scholarly execution, it underpins social aptitudes and makes it simpler for kids to have and keep companions. Associations with friends and instructors are typically progressively po sitive with a sound portion of confidence. Youngsters are likewise better furnished to adapt to slip-ups, frustration, and disappointment, they are bound to stay with testing errands and complete learning exercises. Confidence is required long lasting and we have to recollect the significant job we play to upgrade or harm a childs confidence. Reference: Dweck, C. S. (1999) Self Theories: Their Role in Motivation, Personality, and Development. Hove: Psychology Press, Taylor and Francis Group.

What is a 1099 Form

What is a 1099 Form A 1099 form is an income tax reporting form. It enables you to file your tax with the IRS, Internal Revenue Services.You will normally receive this early in the year, showing you the income you received in the previous year.This form is however not applicable to every type of income.It is primarily for the income received through means other than that of employment.As such, it is common among the self-employed.These are the freelancers, independent contractors or those in any other form of self-employment.If you are employed, you could get a 1099 form if you have other sources of income.For example, you may be having a savings account.When your bank pays you the interest, that is counted as an earning.At the end of the year, the bank may send you a 1099 form showing the details of the income received from them.But there are times you will receive an income and not get the form.The main reason would be if your income did not pass the $600 threshold set by the IRS.When an organization has paid you less than $600 annually, then it is not legally required for them to send you the form.DIFFERENCES BETWEEN 1099 AND W-2 TAX FORMSThere are two forms used to report income. These are the 1099 and W-2 forms.As you might expect, though serving similar purposes, they are different.Here are three ways in which the two forms differ.1. Target taxpayer â€" form 1099 is issued to independent contractors indicating the money paid over the last year. Form W-2 is given to employees to show their annual pay. For the W-2, there will also be social security and medicare information.2. Who issues the form â€" form 1099 is issued by a client while W-2 is given by an employer. Although one organization can issue both 1099 and W-2 forms, they will be going to different people.The former will go to the independent contractor while the latter will be sent to the employee.3. Withholding income taxes â€" taxes which have been withheld will show on the W-2 form but not on the 1099. This is bec ause the pay of independent contractors is not subject to deduction at source. They are responsible for paying their own tax.The difference in these forms are brought about by the variation in types of workers.As a result, it is important that the differences be known.Things can get tricky when workers are classified wrongly.This could lead to wrong reporting of income, something which could cause trouble with the IRS.DISTINGUISHING BETWEEN EMPLOYEES AND INDEPENDENT CONTRACTORSTo prevent such a situation, IRS has provided guidelines which anyone making payments can use.It distinguishes between workers by looking at two factors.These are the degree of control held by the service receiver and the degree of independence held by the service provider.To ascertain this, the below considerations have to be taken into account.BehavioralThis is the control over, or the right of control over, what the worker does, how he does it, where and when.If the one making payments has this control, the n the person he is working with is an employee. Employees are the ones bound by such controls.They are provided with a working station, directed in the way the work should be done and their time is also controlled.On the other hand, independent contractors work differently.The client and the contractor will agree on the delivery of the work.As far as how, when or where the work is done, that is purely at the discretion of the contractor.The only important thing between the two is that the work has to be delivered on time.Of course, this agreement can include more than just the results.All the same, the way the work is done i.e. number of hours worked per day, working location etc are all to be decided by the worker.FinancialWho is in control of the business aspects of the worker? Who shoulders the burden of his expenses while working? Who provides him with the tools he requires for the work? How and when is he paid?If the one receiving services has control over all these, then he is working with an employee to whom he will give a W-2 form.But if he has little to no control over these things, then he is working with an independent contractor.To avoid confusion, let’s break these things down a little bit.Provision of tools and a working location is quite obviousâ€"the contractor takes care of that.But how do payments and expenses come in to determine the classification of a worker?Well, although there are negotiations and agreements during interviews for employees, the same happens slightly differently when it comes to contractors.Employees have very little power in these discussions compared to independent contractors.In most cases, employees will only go with what is offered.Contractors on the other hand, might push beyond what was initially thought would be the cost.Expenses incurred by the employee while running errands at work may be catered for using petty cash.However, this is something which cannot happen in the contractor situation.He will work out th e cost of his services bearing everything in mind then give the final figure.So as much as there will be an agreement, the contractor has more bargaining power in the negotiations than an employee.More than that, the agreement is not merely written by the one receiving the services. Independent contractors are actively involved in deciding what goes into the agreement.Type of RelationshipIs there a binding agreement on the benefits the worker will receive?Benefits here refer to pension, insurance, vacation pay etc.If the agreement has these, the worker is an employee. If not, then he is an independent contractor.Moreover, is the work being done for a set duration or is it more long-term?Employment agreements tend to be long-term while contracts are usually short-term.Most take 6-12 months with others going for 2 years. Rarely will they be longer than that.This is often because contractors prefer working for limited periods with one client.They opt for this kind of arrangement to all ow them work for more than one client at a time if they so wish.Or maybe just to be able to take care of other personal matters like family.In the event that a contractor has worked with you for a long time, it will likely be due to contract renewal.Also, with the renewal of every contract, the contractor might suggest changes.These will definitely have to be agreed upon by both parties. TYPES OF 1099 FORMSHaving seen that forms 1099 are for independent contractors, it will be good to realize that there are different types of the form.These are used to cater for the different scenarios of incomes.Here are the forms.1099-AThis form reports the sale of your home in a foreclosure. The form 1099-A which you receive from your lender will have the details to use in determining the gain or loss.The foreclosure is treated by IRS as a sale, thus an income.1099-BThis is income received through the sale of securities as well as bartering. Bartering usually takes places in bartering exchanges. The exchanges send a 1099-B form to the people who received their income through them.This form should be received by the income earner latest February 15th.1099-CForm 1099-C is for the income received in the form of debt cancellation. This mainly comes from credit card lenders who may decide to pardon you on some amount you request.That amount will be reflected on this form as your income.1099-CAPThis is your income reporting form if you received income in the form of cash, stock or other form of property from a corporation.The corporation gives you cash, stock or property on the basis of your shares. This will normally be occasioned by a change in the capital structure in the corporation. It could also result from the corporation’s acquisition.1099-DIVThis is for investors who receive distributions from investments made during a calendar year. These are meant to be reported during filing. The minimum amount which will warrant an investor receiving a 1099-DIV form is $10.it is im portant to keep in mind that not all accounts of an investment nature attract this form. For example, individual retirement accounts, money purchase pension plans and profit-sharing plans are exempt from this.1099-GThis form will show up in your mailbox if you have received any payments from the federal, state or local government. What is covered includes state or local income tax refunds, credits, offsets, taxable grants or agricultural payments.This form will also be used in your filing if you have received payments on a Commodity Credit Corporation (CCC) loan.The minimum amount paid to warrant the issuance of this form is $10.1099-HIf you have received advanced payments from your health insurance, then you will get this form.The recipients of these payments are usually those of eligible trade adjustment assistance (TAA), Alternative TAA (ATAA), Reemployment TAA (RTAA) or the Pension Benefit Guaranty Corporation (PBGC).1099-INTThis is for earnings which are a minimum of $10 coming from interest from financial institutions e.g. banks.This interest may not necessarily be taxable but it has to be reported to the IRS.1099-KThis form is used to report payments made through payment cards and third party network transactions. These include debit, credit and stored-value cards.This form will only be sent out if there are a total of more than 200 transactions and the gross payments total a minimum of $20,000.1099-LTCThis form is for reporting Long-Term Care insurance benefits. Your insurer will send you this if you received benefits lat year.These benefits could also include life insurance distributions as well as accelerated death benefits.1099-MISCThis is for miscellaneous payments. Among the 1099 forms, it is   the most common.This popularity is because of all the different payments that are reported using it. The payments best known to be under 1099-MISC are those made to independent contractors.Other payments reported using this form are royalties, rental income , crop insurance proceeds, payments to fishing boat crew members and even Indian gaming profits paid to tribal members.The form is sent out to anyone whose payments totaled $600 and above for contract payments. For royalties, dividends and tax-exempt interest, the minimum amount is $10.1099-OIDOID stands for Original Issue Discount. OID is the difference between the issue price and the stated redemption price at maturity. OID is seen as a form of interest, thereby being an income.There are some exceptions which apply in the case of 1099-OID. They are for tax-exempt obligations, U.S. savings bonds, short-term debt instruments and any obligations issued by an individual before March 2, 1984.1099-PATRThis is for taxable distributions received from cooperatives. The minimum amount for this form to be issued is $10.1099-Q1099-Q covers the distributions from Qualified Tuition Programs (QTP) or Coverdell Education Savings Account (ESA).Beneficiaries must be family members and can include s pouse, children, stepchildren, foster children, and their descendants.The parents of the designated beneficiary as well as their siblings, and in-laws are also allowed to be beneficiaries.1099-RThe 1099-R caters for pensions, life insurance contracts, annuities, profit-sharing plans as well as retirement plans.The form 1099-R is made available to anyone having a distribution of over $10.1099-SProceeds from the sale and exchanges of real estate are reported though this form.Real estate in this case covers land, permanent structures, stock in a cooperative housing corporation and non-contingent interest in standing timber.1099-SAThe 1099-SA is used to report distributions made from a Health Savings Account (HSA), Archer Medical Savings Account (Archer MSA), or Medicare Advantage MSA (MA MSA).The payments could have been made directly to the medical service provider or the account holder. Transfers from one account to another are not reported.SSA-1099This is the form that reports the b enefits from the Social Security Administration. Benefits cover the retired, disabled and survivors.RRB-1099This is the form detailing the payments done by the Railroad Retirement Board. Benefits include retirement, survivor, disability, employment, sickness, income tax and medicare.HOW TO ISSUE AND FILE FORM 1099If you run a business which has transacted with individuals who are not your employees, you will have to issue them with form 1099.This will be for every one of them.But if the amount paid out to them did not exceed $600, then you don’t have to send them this form.The process of issuing these forms is fairly easy. Below are the steps to follow.1. Gather the required information â€" the details you will use to fill the form will come from two sources. The first is your business records and the second is the W-9 form filled by the contractor you engaged.The W-9 form is where you get information about the contractor. The most important detail is his tax ID number. This will be required in the 1099 form.2. Fill the form â€" this form has 5 copies designed like carbon paper. What you fill on the top copy will therefore appear on the copies under it. Ensure you fill the right details in the right spaces.3. Confirm the details â€" it is always wise to confirm that the form has been filled correctly. This will help you make corrections early and avoid mistakes which might cost you once contacted by IRS.Check out some of the common mistakes made during this stage as mentioned in the next section.4. File the forms â€" all forms 1099 are supposed to be filed with the IRS by January 31st of the year following the payments. Filing can be done in either of two ways: electronically or by mail.For online filing, follow the directions provided in this document. If you find this to be the more involving option, then you can go the mailing route. With this route, you will have to fill form 1096 which summarizes the information on the forms 1099.5. Send copies to the r elevant people â€" this step can be taken as the second part of step 4 above because not all copies of the form will go to the same recipient. Below is the breakdown of who gets which copy of the 1099 form.Send Copy A to the IRS.Send Copy 1 to the state tax department/authority.Send Copy B and Copy 2 to the recipient of the income. They will file Copy B with their federal returns and Copy 2 with their state tax department as applicable.Keep Copy C for your records.COMMON MISTAKES TO AVOID WITH THE 1099 FORMAs expected, mistakes do happen. And they happen quite often.The first biggest mistake which may be unforgivable by the IRS is failing to file your forms on time.Consequences? Penalties.Not so good.Some other not-so-big mistakes can still cause you some problems and it will be best to avoid them.Here are some of them.Omitting decimal points or cents from the figures entered. This very small mistake could lead to serious problems as far as the correctness of your forms are concerne d. From reporting less amounts to huge ones, you can be sure of facing the wrath of IRS when the time comes.Using faint ink to fill the files. The forms need to be clear and the recommended ink color is black. Do not use colors like pink or yellow.Adding a dollar sign to the amount you are filling in the boxes. Avoid the desire to help IRS understand that you paid in dollars. It is the only currency they expect you to be reporting.Filling the wrong form â€" this can happen in two ways. The first is filling a W-2 form for an independent contractor and vice versa. The second is by filling the right form, but of the wrong year. Ensure you have the 1099 form dated the year the payments were done.Filling the wrong details can cause serious problems. This is why you need to confirm the details filled. Mistakes here could include filling the wrong amounts or the wrong details e.g. the wrong tax ID number.Sending the recipient copies to the wrong person â€" although the IRS won’t come aft er you if you did this, you will have inconvenienced the recipient. Remember that these forms need to reach the recipients by 31stBe careful with the addressing to avoid inconveniences both to yourself and the other party.CONCLUSIONThere you go.With an understanding of what the 1099 form is, you know what to do when you receive it.And in case you are supposed to issue it to someone, you have the steps to follow. You cannot get stuck.Share this article with your friends and help them tackle the tax filing stress.

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An Analysis of Cultural Influences in the 19th and 20th...

An Analysis of Cultural Influences in the 19th and 20th Centuries The 19th and early 20th centuries were a time of massive cultural mutation, out of which came varying worldviews that intermingled with and reacted against one another. As Professor Ambrosio (2011) states in A History of Suspicion, of the biggest intellectual and/or philosophical influences in that time period, Marx, Darwin, Freud, Nietzsche, and Dostoevsky each represents a decisively different view of history than the view of history previously dominant in Western culture. This paper will discuss the historical and cultural events surrounding these five thinkers and show how they shaped, concurrently with scientific developments, the course of human thought in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Karl Marx, for instance, reacted powerfully against Hegels dialectic and produced a more poetic and yet more materialistic vision of mankind. Dispensing with Hegels rational spirit, Marx turned Hegels dialectical history of spirit upside down by creating historical materialism (A History of Suspicion, 2011). The means of production was Marxs focus. Marx examined Capitalism, Industrialism and ideology, and by viewing life in solely material terms developed the Communist Manifesto. This was a radical departure from Hegels attempt to spiritualize the world. If Hegel was the embodiment of one extreme, Marx was the embodiment of its opposite. Charles Darwins scientific analysis of the origin of theShow MoreRelatedThe Important Role of the Rivers in Russia Essay781 Words   |  4 Pagesbetween nature and urban dwellers in the study period. Perhaps the only published work characterizing the sanitary condition of Novgorod, the degree of contamination of its territories and environmental policies of the city government at the early 20th c., is a brochure of MD Alexander G. Kurkutov, published in 1915 . 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Reasons for Excluding Some of the Items †Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: What Is the Information Form Control and Planning? Answer: Introducation Product costing system is a set of procedures which is responsible for accounting the organizations cost of products and is responsible for providing timely and accurate unit cost information form control and planning, financial statement preparation, pricing and inventory valuation. (AllBusiness, 2017). Product costing is one of the processes of accounting with the purpose of determining all the business expenses for creation of products of the company. These costs include wages of the workers, retail stocking fees, raw material purchases and product transportation costs. The purpose of products costing system behind the companys using this system is that it helps in planning a variety of business strategies which further includes costs of developing promotional campaigns and setting product prices (Polimeni, et al., 1999). The system is also adopted in order to find ways to derive maximum profits out of production costs (Lister, 2017). Product costs are calculated on the basis of p acking material cost and direct raw materials. Product costing system provides information to the organizations for the purpose of valuation of inventory for financial reporting purposes. The system helps the organization in providing timely and relevant cost information which further helps the company in strategic planning and profitability analysis (Manalo Manalo, 2011). The purpose of product costing system is that it helps the company is making accurate and long term decisions regarding the costing of the product and also helps in delivering extraordinary results. (Fisher Krumwiede, 2012; Marx, 2009) . Product costing system is important as it ensures the accuracy of business expenses. Accuracy is how much business can trace the expenses and to the accurate inventory values and product costs. Product costing system helps in increasing the accuracy of this process. It is specifically significant when it comes to variable costing in which involves assigning variable costs to cre ation of product units and leave fixed costs for other expenses. It also helps the business in attaching the cost to the value which was created throughout the business. Product costing system also helps in decision making as the information acts as the basis on which the decisions can be taken. The system helps in making decisions regarding how much profit a business will make in a particular period of time and also the decisions where there is return on investment. Product costing system also helps in the development of project which refers to creation of new products (Hansen, et al., 2007). In case a company plans for designing new product or new line of product or to recreate the existing product with advanced features, product costing acts as the most valuable source of information. It allows the business to attach the specific costs with products as well as product materials, abilities and features which can allow the business for highly accurate cost predictions regarding man ufacturing. Product costing system is important and serves as the purpose of facilitating project tracking. Project tracking means keeping an eye on budgets of products to ensure that whether the costs are matching the desired expectations or not. The system is helpful as it helps in analyzing the cash flows and also in determining the success factor of the project. (Lacoma, 2017). In this way product costing system is essential and purposeful for every business. Schedule of Cost of Goods manufactured and Cost of Goods Sold for the previous year of operations Preparation of schedules of Cost of Goods Sold and Cost of Goods Manufactured of the last year will help in ascertaining the situation of the company and will ultimately help in preparation and completion of the destroyed records. The schedule for the last year is presented in the below table: Table 1: Schedule of COGS and COGM for the previous year of operations Particulars Amount Amount Raw Material at the Beginning 12000 - Add: Purchase of Raw Material 180000 - Less: Raw material at the end -12000 - Cost of Material Consumed 180000 Add: Direct Labour Cost 182000 Add: Factory Overhead - - Depreciation - Factory Building 8000 - Depreciation - Factory Equipment 16000 - Indirect Labour Cost 118000 - Insurance on Factory 14000 - Repairs and Maintenance Factory 8000 - Land Tax on Factory 4500 168500 Factory Cost - 530500 Add: Opening stock of WIP - 4500 Less: Closing Stock of WIP - -33500 Cost of Goods Manufactured - 670000 Add: Opening stock of Finished Goods 11000 - Less: Closing Stock of Finished Goods -16000 -5000 Cost of Goods Sold - 665000 Thus, the COGS for the previous year of operations was $ 665000. Reasons for excluding some of the items from the schedules of Cost of Goods Manufactured and Cost of Goods Sold There are two types of costs which are generally incurred in a manufacturing concern. These are direct costs and indirect costs (Drury, 2005). Direct costs are those costs which are incurred by the company directly in relation to the manufacturing activities. These are generally accounted for in the trading accounts of the company. On the other hand, indirect costs are those costs which are incurred to facilitate manufacturing and production activities. Such costs are dealt with in the income statement of the company and are indirectly related to manufacturing activities (Drury, 2008). The above schedule so prepared is based on last years figures. However, while preparing the schedule all the costs that were incurred by the company was not considered. While calculating the cost of goods sold and cost of goods manufactured, only those costs are included which are incurred in the factory. However, such costs include direct as well as indirect costs that are incurred in the factory. The reason behind this is that only those costs are considered as costs of goods manufactured and sold which are incurred directly and indirectly in the factory where manufacturing is undertaken. Examples include depreciation, opening and closing inventory and material and labour costs. All the other costs such as salary and rents are considered as operating expenses and such expenses are a part of income statement. Preparation and Completion of T-accounts of cost related heads and determination of values of various individual items Since, due to a fire in the company manufacturing caravans which led to the destruction of all the books of accounts and necessary records, those associated with preparation of accounts had to gather all types of information to redraft the books. However, the major issue was related to collection of information. On the basis of available information such as charred accounts and interviewing people and bank statements, the accounts were prepared again as under: Calculation of Overhead Rate for determining amount of total manufacturing overheads Overhead Cost 1800000 Direct Labour 60000 Overhead Rate = Overhead Cost/ Direct Labour(per hour) 30 Total direct labour hours 5200 Total Overheads in the month of April 156000 Raw Material Account To opening balance of raw materials 12000 By Raw Materials Consumed 188000 To Raw Materials Purchased 176000 By Closing balance of Raw Materials 0 188000 188000 Work In Process Account To opening balance of Work in Process 4500 By Cost of Goods Manufactured 489000 To Raw Materials Consumed 188000 By closing balance of Work in Process 41500 To labour cost incurred 182000 To overhead cost incurred 156000 530500 530500 Finished Goods Account To opening balance of Finished Goods Inventory 11000 By Cost of Goods Sold 484000 To Cost of Goods Manufactured 489000 By Closing balance of Finished Goods Inventory 16000 500000 500000 Manufacturing Overheads Account To Actual Manufacturing Overheads incurred 168500 By Total Manufacturing Overheads 156000 By under application of manufacturing overhead 12500 168500 168500 Accounts Payable Account To opening balance of account payables 12000 By Payments for raw materials made during April 180000 To purchases of raw material in April 176000 By closing balance of account payables 8000 188000 188000 Cost of Goods Sold Account To Finished Goods Account 484000 By cost of goods manufactured 489000 To closing finished goods inventory 16000 By opening finished goods inventory 11000 By closing balance Cost of Goods Sold 0 500000 500000 Hence, the values of various items asked in the question are as follows: Work in Process at the end of April $ 41500 Raw materials purchased in April - $176000 Overhead applied in April - $156000 Raw materials used in April - $ 188000 Over- or under-applied overhead in April - $12500 Cost of Goods sold in April - $ 484000 Application of over and under applied overheads and the manner in which such variances can be dealt with The term overheads includes all the costs which are incurred by the manufacturer in the factory but this excludes the costs incurred with respect to material and labour used in the manufacturing of products (Gill, 2015). All the overheads which are incurred in the factory are required to be allocated (applied) appropriately based on a scientific method such as calculating a recovery rate of overheads based on direct labour hours which is usually predetermined. However, application of overheads based on such predetermined recovery rate generates a variance in the actual position and the planned one. The difference between those overheads which are actually incurred and the overhead cost which is allocated to the WIP based on a predetermined rate of recovery are termed and either over applied and under applied overheads (Shim Siegel, 2009). Over Applied Overheads- Over applied overheads means the overheads which are applied on products manufactured are more than the overheads actually incurred. Such an outcome where applied overheads are more than actual overheads is considered to be favourable because the company has spent less amount than was anticipated by it. Under Applied Overheads- The overheads which are actually incurred are more than what was expected. These are considered as unfavourable because the company has spent more amount of money than it had planned to and this also signifies that the company does not have enough jobs to allocate these overheads (Scarlett, 2005). There are various ways in which a company can deal with over applied and under applied overheads. One such manner includes debiting or crediting the overheads which are overvalued or undervalued in the profit and loss account of the company. This will help in reflecting the impact of such over application and under application on the balance sheet of the company(Hansen Mowen, 2017) . Whether ABC must be introduced or not Activity Based Costing (ABC) It is an accounting method which helps in identifying the activities that are performed by a firm and will assign the indirect costs to the products. Activity based costing system will recognize the relationships that exist in between costs, products along with the activities. With the help of these relationships, Activity Based Costing will assign indirect costs to the product less method over traditional methods (Investopedia, 2017; BusinessDictionary, 2017). It can also be explained as the accessing costs in a logical manner than that of the traditional approach in which costs are allocated on the basis of number of machine hours. ABC will first assign the costs to those activities which are the cause for overhead or which are of on-demand and then assigns the cost to those particular activities which are on priority and demanding the activity (Averkamp, 2017). Activity Based Costing is broadly used in manufacturing industry. This is because, ABC has the true capability to enhance cost data and hence help in producing true costs and better classification of costs that are incurred by the company during the times of its production process. Every ABC system of cost totally depends on the activities which are considered as an event and each unit of work will have a specific goal that has to be achieved. For example: setting up of machines in production, designing of products, distribution of finished goods or operation of machines etc (Investopedia, 2017; Mahal Hossain, 2015). Importance of Activity Based Costing In day todays environment of evolving globalization, when each of the organization is forced to improve their productivity with quality and hence benchmark its activity more efficiently in the world. Without firm based activity it is not possible to do activity based costing. A firm can hold up its market value if only it manages the value chain at each and every stage of productivity. Value that has been added at each stage of the activities is compared with the costs which are associated with the decisions that are based on cutting unnecessary activities that have been performed. So it is clear that each and every firm needs ABC to control and also enhance its value in this era to be competitive (Lodha, 2016). Activity based costing will make sure that it provides exact cost information which will help in improving and making managerial decisions more efficiently. In ABC, the focus will total be the activities that are being performed rather than focusing on a particular department. A department may consist of activities that are in large but those activities may not add value to the total outcome of the product. These types of activities are targeted so that the activities are pushed to downward and then concentrate on activities that will help the department grow in an effective manner (Lodha, 2016). Activity based costing will help in resolving inaccurate cost information present in an activity of a department or activity of single entity. It is considered as the modern approach for indirect cost allocation process. Activity Based Costing will not restrict itself for the allocation of indirect costs which is generally done in the traditional approach. Rather, ABC will recognize individual activity to be lowest unit and allocates cost indirectly. Costs that are allocated to each activity of a department or a single entity activity will represent the resources that are consumed by it. Activity Based Costing is built on the layer that the activities will eventually give rise to the costs. So there has to be a link that should be made in between activities and the products with the help of assigning cost of the activities to the products that are based on an individual project. Important characteristics that has to be noted on Activity Based Costing are: Simple and traditional distinction that is made in between fixed and variable cost will not be enough to guide and provide quality information for designing of cost system. Appropriate distinctions between volume (scale) (Lodha, 2016) and cost behavior patterns, diversity related patterns and event related patterns should be made accurately. Cost drivers should be identified and a cost driver is nothing but a structural determinant of the cost related activity. The logic that stays behind the cost drivers is that they dictate cost behavior patterns. For the sake of tracing overhead cost, behavior pattern related to cost should be understood in an appropriate manner and this help in identifying appropriate cost driver (Lodha, 2016; Account Learning, 2017). Thus, from the above detailed analysis of the meaning, limitations and benefits of Activity Based Costing, it can be said that implementation of ABC in the manufacturing division of New Age Caravans will be beneficial for the company. Hence, introduction of ABC must be considered by the management of the company to allocate the overheads in an appropriate manner based on activities and not on products. References Account Learning, 2017. Activity Based Costing | Meaning | Features | Objectives | Implementation. [Online] Available at: https://accountlearning.com/activity-based-costing-meaning-features-objectives-implementation/ [Accessed 18 may 2017]. AllBusiness, 2017. Product Costing System. [Online] Available at: https://www.allbusiness.com/barrons_dictionary/dictionary-product-costing-system-4945883-1.html [Accessed 18 may 2017]. Averkamp, H., 2017. Introduction to Activity Based Costing. [Online] Available at: https://www.accountingcoach.com/activity-based-costing/explanation [Accessed 17 May 2017]. BusinessDictionary, 2017. Activity based costing (ABC). Drury, C., 2005. Management and Cost Accounting. s.l.:Senage Learning. Drury, C., 2008. Management and Cost Accounting. s.l.:Cengage Learning EMEA. Fisher, J. G. Krumwiede, K., 2012. Product Costing Systems: Finding the Right Approach. Journal of Corporate Accounting Finance, 23(3), pp. 43-51. Gill, S., 2015. Cost and Management Accounting: Fundamentals and its Applications. s.l.:Vikas Publishing House. Hansen, D., Mowen, M. Guan, L., 2007. Cost Management: Accounting and Control. s.l.:Cengage Learning. Hansen, D. R. Mowen, M. M., 2017. Cornerstones of Cost Management. s.l.:Cengage Learning. Investopedia, 2017. Activity-Based Costing - ABC. [Online] Available at: www.investopedia.com/terms/a/abc.asp [Accessed 17 May 2017]. Lacoma, T., 2017. The Advantages Product Costing Offers in Financial Accounting. [Online] Available at: https://smallbusiness.chron.com/advantages-product-costing-offers-financial-accounting-24883.html [Accessed 18 May 2017]. Lister, J., 2017. Product Costing vs. Cost Accounting. [Online] Available at: https://smallbusiness.chron.com/product-costing-vs-cost-accounting-37642.html [Accessed 18 may 2017]. Lodha, A., 2016. Activity Based Costing: Need, Concepts and Other Details. [Online] Available at: https://www.yourarticlelibrary.com/accounting/costing/activity-based-costing-need-concepts-and-other-details/55703/ Mahal, I. Hossain, M. A., 2015. Activity-Based Costing (ABC) - An Effective Tool for Better Management. Research Journal of Finance and Accounting, 6(4), pp. 66-73. Manalo, R. G. Manalo, M. V., 2011. Modern Product Costing Technique in the Age of Competition. s.l.:eBookIt.com. Marx, D. C., 2009. Activity Based Costing (ABC) And Traditional Costing Systems. [Online] Available at: https://financialsupport.weebly.com/activity-based-costing-abc-and-traditional-costing-systems.html [Accessed 18 may 2018]. Polimeni, R. S., Fabozzi, F. J., Adelberg, A. H. Burke, J. A., 1999. Product Costing: Concepts and Applications. s.l.:McGraw-Hill Higher Education. Scarlett, R., 2005. Management Accounting-Performance Evaluation. s.l.:Elsevier. Shim, J. K. Siegel, J. G., 2009. Modern Cost Management Analysis. s.l.:Barron's Educational Series

Trademark and Product free essay sample

Describe product mix () under the corporate brand by identifying the product width (categories of products) and depth (products within the categories) Pick 2 specific brands or product items. Describe the target market for each of the 2 brands. Explain your reasoning Johnson and Johnson – www. We will write a custom essay sample on Trademark and Product or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page jnj. com In Word, create a table to organize the information: Describe product mix () under the corporate brand by identifying the product width (categories of products) and depth (products within the categories) Pick 2 specific brands or product items. Describe the target market for each of the 2 brands. 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Alpha Kappa Omega Batch ’81 Essay Essays

Alpha Kappa Omega Batch ’81 Essay Essays Alpha Kappa Omega Batch ’81 Essay Paper Alpha Kappa Omega Batch ’81 Essay Paper In the Batch ’81 ( MVP Pictures. 1982 ) by Mike de Leon used the school as microcosm of Philippine society under soldierly jurisprudence. Seven pupils are at the same time applied to be members of a fraternity. The Masterss asked them to make the rites of inductions. to prove their stableness in the determination to be frat brother through physical and psychological anguish. Repeatedly emphasized the demand for the neophyte curse to be faithful to her extremum of the ritual. Misconstruing as to hold a neophyte in a coaction of rival fraternity. there was a bloody conflict that killed two neophyte lives. In the last portion of the film. Sid Lucero ( Mark Gil ) the strongest applier. now runs induction ritual. In a scene. the maestro asked and if you do non reply the inquiry right they press its switch button and the neophyte will endure the current with Ronnie Roxas. Jr. . ( Ricky Sandico ) one of their co-workers. The inquiry. Is Soldierly Law good or bad for the state? . Notably one of the appliers is the instructor. Santi Santillan ( Noel Trinidad ) . Superior to his age he wants be a member. but he demonstrated more endurance and fortitude. If the reappraisal described him as an look and penetration of the movie. appears to affect the bending Academy values oppose Batch ’81. The high spots of Mike de Leon movie is the scene of contending between Omega and Sigma Alpha Omicron Kappa Sigma. Extreme force and bloody slaying of the content of the scene but no direct manifestation of dismaying item. De Leon attributed the Nazi perversion of the metropolis occupied by Germany during World War the legal fraternity force. In a presentation of pupils. accommodate the Alpha Kappa Omega of scenes. At the terminal of Batch ’81 was master SID. the neophyte who rabidly conform to the Torahs of Alpha Kappa Omega. He besides now makes the new batch of the neophyte. Obviously the point of Mike de Leon is that Heritage of the sadism of soldierly jurisprudence governments. and in the hereafter. go on the being of inhuman treatment and force being implanted in the people. Subject: To promote the pupils to be a neophyte members and demo the induction rites of different fraternities. Chemical reaction: In this film it shows how much obstruction you will meet when you join fraternities. The hurting will last everlastingly and I will non even seek to fall in in any of this fraternity. I felt sad and clemency to the people who joined in frats. Director: Mike De Leon Miguel Pamintuan de Leon is a celebrated Filipino movie manager. cameraman. scripwriter and movie manufacturer. His is besides known as Mike de Leon. He was born in Manila on May 24. 1947 to Manuel de Leon and Imelda Pamintuan. His involvement in filmmaking began when he pursued a master’s grade in Art History at the University of Heidelberg. Germany.

Rhetorical analysis of the public argument Essay

Rhetorical analysis of the public argument - Essay Example The video has underscored the key elements of the content and the audience can easily identify with the purpose of the argument. The video vividly demonstrates that urbanization should not be halted to protect air from pollution. But should be done by having more efficient solutions being implemented and thoroughly obeyed by everyone, so as to have a healthy atmosphere. The author has been keen to chose this method to convey his argument with the audience in mind. Use of video has allowed the author to support his arguments with images in the form of photographs, statistical features, and music. The audience attention is well captured by this genre as it involves several senses at the same time. Listening and watching and interpreting at the same time is a technique that ensures that the purpose and a message are delivered. The author exploits this genre as a better way of convincing his audience about the subject matter. The author has beeen very guarded while having a video in plac e as the target audience is the government. The author skillfully shares his insight about causes of pollution and strategically illustrates to the audience how the problem can be addressed. The government in this case is expected to make the suggested measures a success story. The author places his argument in a context that involves a world that has been affected by air pollution. He draws vivid examples from traditional Beijing and the urbanized and industrialized Beijing. By so doing, the target audience can appreciate the transitions that come with urbanization. The video appeals to logos while illustrating that urbanization would still have a place in a world that would want to reduce pollution. The video uses images that reveal how much urbanization has contributed to air pollution. With an image showing the mode of transport in traditional Beijing (Mu). The audience can find touch with the

Is Television-Broadcasting Policy Affected by Changing Media Research Paper

Is Television-Broadcasting Policy Affected by Changing Media Technology - Research Paper Example In 1952, the first cable television network started in Ontario due to the development of improved television broadcasting and supply technologies like the cable television, the first domestic communications satellite (1972), Direct-to-home satellite (1995), Community antenna television (1961)and the over the air television (2000). In addition, there was the inception of mobile television transmissions that allowed for portable television viewing through portable devices. Arguably, the changing media technology has affected television-broadcasting policies in Canada. Various policies formulated by the Canadian government influence the change in media technologies propelling the country in to international media standards. As such, this support the argument that television-broadcasting policy has affected by changing media technology. The policies formulated Essentially, policy formulation drew influence from technological advancements in the broadcasting and regulated structures for t he licensing of both the private and the public institutions of communication dissemination. On the contrary, the Canadian government formulated a policy regarding the ownership of broadcasting houses in Canada (Armstrong, 2010). The Act of 1964 also insinuated that the broadcasting stations within the country had to have effective ownership by Canadian nationals in order to safeguard the social, cultural, political, and economic attributes of Canada. The modification of broadcasting continued because of evolution in the technology industry that kept on constantly emerging. This evolution is still visible in the current times years after the first innovations in to the sector emerged. Remarkably, television broadcast has witnessed the PVR that allows for time shifting of television programming. It also allows for sending and reception of television programming over the internet, which makes television transmission easy. In this regard, viewers from across any continent are able to a ccess a wider international range of programming with relative ease. On the contrary, the Canadian government wishes to introduce Canadian programming that expresses their cultural and national identity through the emerged new technological forms. Essentially, this essay will delve on the whether the changing media has influenced television broadcasting policies. This will be in relation to Canadian television broadcasting with critical research in the past, present and estimated future. Influence by the American broadcast The rise in popularity of the reception of American broadcast stations contributed majorly in the development of television broadcast in Canada. In this regard, three main factors led to the memorable improvement on the television technology in Canada. For one, was the threat by the penetration of American media was a major influence on the stabilization of the Canadian television industry. This posed a great threat to them hence making the nation to accept the ne ed to advance technologically. Secondly, there was a language divide where a fraction of the Canadians spoke French or the third language. Subsequently, the Canadians had to improve in the media industry in order to target the different speaking populations and servicing their individual needs. Lastly, there was the government response to the above factors in which the government imposed certain policies that

Roll of children in family shopping behaviour

Roll of children in family shopping behaviour Much of human behaviour is viewed as a process, which begins with early childhood experience, and develops into later life emotions, values, beliefs, and behaviours. Todays children possibly have more autonomy and decision-making power within the family than previous generations, which follows that children are vocal about what they want their parents to buy (Dotson and Hyatt, 2005). Therefore young children are increasingly the target of advertising and marketing. This is not only because of the influence they have on their parents spending, but also because they are going to be adult consumers of the future. Therefore marketers should recognise the childrens increasing influence in purchase decisions. This paper will explore the extent to which family shopping behaviour is influenced by children and what role do they play in decision-making process. Internal and external influences which affect what, when and how family members buy things and what role they play within the family will also be discussed. Additionally, it will examine the lessons for marketing practice. Finally, these concepts and critically analysed and evidenced data will be explored throughout the essay and brought towards the conclusion. Family decision making is a type of consumer decision-making that involves several individuals as potential decision makers and influencers (Norgaard et.al. 2007). According to McNeal (1992), children have long been recognised as an influencing market and at the same time future market, and parents started paying more attention to their children and their opinions. These changes in family communication have made it possible for children to exert influence on family decision-making. Consequently, family structures have changed which noticeably influences family decision-making. Flurry (2007) who has written a number of credible articles about childrens influence in purchase decisions and is specialised in marketing, argues that childrens influence varies by number of variables, including type of product, decision-making stages, parental attitudes as well as characteristics of the child and the family unit. In general, children may have significant influence in product decisions for wh ich they will be the primary consumers. For instance, it has been found that children have substantial impact on decisions such as breakfast cereals, snack foods, toys, children clothes and school supplies (Evans et.al. 2006). However, even though they are primary consumers of these products and are considered to have significant influencing power, it usually depends on the age of the child. In contrast, in Thomsons et.al. (2007) study children have been found to have less influence on decisions for products that are more expensive and used by the whole family (for instance TV). Earlier attempts (in marketing) to understand the role of children was made by Berey and Pollay (1968), the research was done when they were university students, however, the project was reviewed by educated professors during most phases of the project, which gives the paper more credibility. Berey and Pollay (1968) state, that a mothers purchase behaviour is independent of number of variables, such as a childs age, the number of children in the family, mothers employment status and the number of trips to the shopping centre. Furthermore, authors argue that mothers who are more child-centred have a greater tendency to purchase products following their view of what is right and healthy. On the other hand, a mother who is less child-centred may be more likely to purchase the brands that the child prefers in order to keep the child happy (Berey and Pollay, 1968). According to Norgaard et.al. (2007), one of the areas where children have gained strong influence is food choice. Since food plays a central role in family life and routines, parents want to ensure that their children eat healthy food, but at the same time also what they like. Moreover, it has been found that food choices are less healthy in families with more influential children. According to Mintel (2002), baby boomers as a generation have tended to spoil their offspring, making them more receptive to childrens reasonable demands and making pester power an even more effective weapon in the marketing. Pester Power, a term used to define a childs influence over a parent in the buying process (Mintel, 2002). It has been found, that younger children tend to make more pestering requests than the older siblings. Children may try to persuade or dominate parents by using emotive appeals, crying, pouting or other non-verbal techniques to gain influence over the decision outcome (Lee and Collins, 2000). Thus when parents exert less control over child-rearing, children are more likely to suggest or request items for their own consumption and to participate in the search for and decision to purchase these items. Moreover, Ward and Wackman (1972) found that childrens purchase influence attempts may decrease with age, depending on the type of product, however, mothers yielding to requests increases with age. This might be because of the increased competence of older children in making judgments about purchase decisions. Later study by Beatty and Talpade (1994) suggested that personal resources of the child, usage of the product and childs product knowledge determined the degree of influence. For instance, children are considered to be more acknowledgeable than their parents in areas such as sports a nd beverages, or computer games. Furthermore, Commuri and Gentry (2000) whose research on the topic is supported by a great number of sources, argue that the role of the child in family decision making depends partly upon whom one asks and how many members in the household there are. Following from the earlier studies, Flurry (2007) examined further the extent to which parents may be more inclined to consider the input of older children when making family purchase decisions. Moreover families with fewer children, where there is less competition for resources, enable a child for more freedom in selecting their own products. Flurrys (2007) study concluded that the childs birth order may also be related to a childs participation in decision-making with first-born children exerting greater purchase decision influence. However, the respondents in the research were children aged 9-11 with their mothers; therefore Flurrys research results may not be generalizable for all children, for inst ance under 9 years old. Palan and Wilkes (1997) have provided one of the first comprehensive identification and categorization of influence strategies used by children to influence the outcome of family purchasing decisions. The strategies include: bargaining, persuasion, emotional, legitimate, request, expert and directive strategy. However, there are age-related changes in adolescent thinking and transitions in decision-making competence during youth. Furthermore, Wimalasiris (2004) study undertaken with families from broad diversity of socio-economic statuses revealed, that children may be perceived as influencers or even nagging influencers and sometimes have the power in persuading their parents in fulfilling their needs. For instance, children can use tactics such as upward appeal, pressure tactics, ingratiating tactics, rational persuasion, inspirational appeals and consultative tactics. Children slowly acknowledge the power and authority of their parents and they learn through experience or trial an d error that certain tactics may persuade their parents to fulfil with their requests. The use of the emotional strategies in order to gain influence is relatively common. However, the use of the various tactics changes as children get older. As children grow up they rely less on the pressure tactics employed by toddlers and become more clever in their appeals (Wimalasiri, 2004). Todays child-influenced sales volume can be credited to several factors, for instance, most families have fewer children, which increase the influence of each child. Secondly, working couples can afford to allow their children to make the choice, and finally, because of the constant exposure to media, children learn about products and services and are in position to convince their parents as what is good or bad (Wimalasiri, 2004). Children are consuming average of 5.5 hours a day using media such as television, print and computer (Dotson and Hyatt, 2005). Therefore it can be said, that the market speed of technological change and educational development has left many children more knowledgeable than their parents. The perceived knowledge of the Internet by children in comparison to their parents may impact on the way children develop Internet consumer skills (Thomson and Laing, 2003). Consequently, children sometimes not only have greater input, but also their input is being shaped b y unmatched access to external socialisation agents. Consumer socialisation, the process by which an individual acquires the skills needed to function in the marketplace as a consumer (Solomon et.al, 2010) has also significant role in family shopping behaviour. Family is identified as the primary socialisation agent for children. According to Flurry (2007), todays trends show that parents are less child-centred, less controlling and investing less time with their children than their parents were. This change in socialisation means that children may have more control over their own marketplace decisions as well as the freedom to apply their preferences in purchase decision-making. It is also possible, that time pressured parents of today may also feel guilty about not spending enough time with their children and therefore allow them more influence. Moreover, children are raised in different types of families and learn different norms, roles and consumer skills which play a significant role on the way children participate in family decis ion-making process (Flurry, 2007). Therefore, the differences in childrens consumption behaviour may be shaped by various skills learned in different socio-economic backgrounds, parental child-education attitudes as well as parental communication styles (Page and Ridgway, 2001). However, it is important to mention that agents from the external environment such as mass media and peers may sometimes be outpacing the family. Lessons for marketing practice According to Caruana and Vassallo (2003), from the early 1990s children have progressively become focus of marketers since it became obvious that besides being customers in their own right, childrens influence on family purchasing was steadily increasing. Dotson and Hyatt (2005) state, that marketers already recognising children as an important group to study, because their attitudes regarding products and brands are still in their formative stages and their current experiences affect their future brand preferences and marketplace behaviour. However, the authors do not discuss in their paper the ethical issues associated with marketing to young people. Today it is widely accepted that retailers have ethical and commercial responsibilities to their stakeholders, for instance, dealing honestly with customers, suppliers, avoiding using manufacturing labour, or indulging in unsustainable environmental practices (Nicholls and Cullen, 2004). Clark (2002) stresses that when advertising the goods, either to children or adults, marketers need to take into consideration the rules created by Advertising Standards Authority (ASA), which points out that advertising should not exploit childrens credulity, loyalty, vulnerability, or lack of experience. According to Nicholls and Cullen (2004), advertising may even help children learn to be consumers and consequently has an important socialisation role to play in their development. However, in ethical context, children younger than 10 years old cannot always distinguish between television advertising and entertainment or factual programming. Therefore children may be vulnerable to improper manipulation by marketers. Newlands and Frith (1996) state that children do not understand persuasive intent until they are eight or nine years old, therefore it is unethical to advertise to them before then. For instance, the TV advertising appears to be dominated by junk food that of confectionery, fast food and pre-sugared cereals (Turner, et.al. 2006). It seems that there are no adverts for fresh fruit or vegetables during the childrens programmes. This may have a negative influence on childrens understanding of what is good or bad, healthy or unhealthy. Children have a significant impact on the success of many businesses despite the fact that they spend little or no actual money. In terms of marketing perspective, it is important to consider the four of seven Ps. For instance, it is vital to keep in mind that the environment plays a key role in marketing and sales efforts. Suitable shop interior design can put consumers in the mood to buy. Regarding childrens shops, the merchandise should be easy to reach, shops should interact with children letting them to touch the toys or play with games and the use bright colours are key factors to success (Mintel, 2008a). Moreover, cool product packaging attracts childrens eye and marketers should be creative when using colours, interesting boxes, and shapes (Mintel, 2008a). When marketing to children, marketers need to be particularly safety-conscious. This refers to both the product and the manner in which the product is being advertised or promoted. Marketers need to understand that gender segmentation is an important variable used when marketing the products to girls and boys, however, media strategies used to reach them can be the same for both genders (Lee and Collins, 2000). For some products, marketers could even target children directly rather than through parents (even though parents are the ones who have the final veto on what is bought) with child oriented messages, logos and characters that highlight cool and fun image. However, Dotson and Hyatt (2005), who have done a number of observations on young peoples consumer behaviour, argue that the cool brand image appeal might not be effective with certain segments of the childrens market, for instance, those who are less independent in their marketplace. In terms of promotion, marketers could direct messages regarding decision making to family members who dominate particular stages of the decision process. For example, marketers could directly target mothers regarding chil dren clothing. Moreover, featuring cartoon or other characters from childrens television programmes to gain their endorsement for their products is a worthy tactic. Celebrity endorsement may be even more influential among children than adults and could also be used when advertising the products (Mintel, 2008). The use of age-appropriate language, current phrases, and being succinct is important when creating promotional messages in communication campaigns for children. Another trend observed by Dotson and Hyatt (2005) show that young people are more adaptive and open to new technologies than adults. Therefore this openness might mean that what marketers know today about marketing to children may relatively quick become out of date, because young people surf onto the next emerging idea or trend. Additionally, when observing childrens attitudes towards brands and their shopping behaviour, marketers should not only rely on traditional market research approaches, but also through observation, conversation and engagement. Finally, marketers who target children have three main objectives: to directly seek children as customers, to work directly on parents through childrens pester power and to imprint the younger generation with positive brand associations. To conclude, it can be said, that children are found to play an important role throughout the purchase process. Knowledge and information may facilitate and enhance the adoption of various influence behaviours. Family consumer behaviour is a complex area compared to individual decision making which may be that the relationships among members of the family are relatively complicated to sort out into meaningful constructs. Children may have their own purchasing power, they influence their parents buying decisions through pester power and they are adult consumers of the future. Families have also become more democratic and childrens views are taken more into consideration. According to the literature reviewed in this essay it can be said that children have a right to some control over purchases that involve them, however, that exercising this right can result in confrontation and pestering of parents (specifics of this disruption may depend on the product category). The degree of a childs influence on family decision making process varies with the childs age, social class and education. Additionally, parents response towards their childrens initiation varies between cultures; therefore markete rs should take these facts into consideration when designing and implementing sales promotion and advertising strategies. Effective marketing of products requires knowledge of how products are purchased and what sources of influence individual family members apply to the decision process. Marketers need to examine the relative influence of family members at each stage of the decision-making process (possibly for each products category). Understanding choice and influence process (of children) may provide marketers with the opportunity to shape brand choice and childrens behaviour as future consumers.

Life On Mars Essay -- essays research papers fc

Life on Mars If life ever evolved on any of the other planets, Mars is the likeliest candidate. After Earth, Mars is the planet with the most hospitable climate in the solar system. So hospitable that it may once have inhabited primitive, bacteria-like life. Outflow channels and other geologic features provide extensive evidence that billions of years ago liquid water flowed on the surface of Mars. Continuing changes is an accomplishment in modern American technology and it gives the world a step forward in finding the real truth about existing life on Mars. Hurtling in from space some 16 million years ago, a giant asteroid slammed into the surface of Mars and exploded with more power than a million hydrogen bombs. This caused huge quantities of rock and soil to fly into the thin Mars’ atmosphere. While most of the rocks fell back to the surface, some of the debris, fired upward by the blast at high velocities, escaped the weak tug of Mars’ gravity and entered into orbits of their o wn around the sun. Scientists believe that the earth’s gravity caught some of the debris and pulled it into the earth. Scientist Digregorio, Barry E (B4) stated that inside the debris of falling rock, were microorganisms. He notes that the microorganisms may have been the very start of life, as human civilization knows it. There is no way to prove his theory true, but it is a strong possibility. Similarities in planets led scientists to believe there is a common bond between Venus, Earth, and Mars. In August 1960 the new science of astrobiology was given the name â€Å"exobiology,† the study of the origin, evolution, and distribution of life in the universe. Venus, Earth and Mars share similar amounts of carbon dioxide, indicating a similar origin for these worlds, even though much of Mars’ carbon dioxide mysteriously emerges from the soil and some from the polar ice cap. A theory is that â€Å"anaerobes† lived on all the planets. Anaerobes can only live without oxygen. When the Earth’s ozone started to form, over half the world’s organisms of anaerobes died off and later evolved to become aerobes, which can only survive with a constant supply of oxygen. Scientists believe that the high surface temperatures on the dark areas of Mars may be explained on the presence of living vegetation placed upon a dry vegetable mold. Coblentz, a scientist of physics and astrology, created a theory that ... ...is or ever was life on Mars. Bibliography Burgess, Eric. To the Red Planet. New York: Columbia University Press, 1978. Account of the Viking expedition. Chandler, David. Life on Mars. New York: E. P. Dutton, 1979. Explores the possibility of life on Mars. Gibbons, John, et al. Exploring Moon and Mars: Choices for the Nation. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1991. A report by the Office of Technology Assessment. Matsunaga, Spark. The Mars Project. New York: Hill and Wang, 1986. Senator Matsunaga calls for a joint U.S.-Soviet manned mission to Mars. Miles, Frank and Booth, Nicholas. Race to Mars. New York: Harper & Row, 1988. Mars mission concepts. Pittendrigh, Colin, et al, eds. Biology and the Exploration of Mars. Washington, D.C.: National Academy of Sciences National Research Council, 1966. Report of a study held under the auspices of the Space Science Board. Works Cited Dick, Steven J. Life On Other Worlds. Australia: Melbourse, 1998. Digregorio, Barry E. Mars The Living Planet. Califronia: Berkeley, 1997. Goldsmith, Donald. The Hunt for Life ON Mars. England: Middlesex, 1997 Jakosky, Vuce. The Search for Life on Other Planets. New York: New York, 1998.

MTV Case Study

MTV has had to conquer various environmental hurdles in order to expand their network to reach a global audience.   While the marketing strategy and the product strategy that MTV employed was not particularly innovative, the common sense approach proved to be extremely effective. Key Environmental Challenges and the Solutions The major challenges that MTV faced were producing content that appealed to a global audience and selling their product to countries with considerable cultural differences.   Initially, MTV attempted to export American culture, but soon discovered that approach was not reaching foreign audiences.   In order to overcome this obstacle and in order to be successful in their endeavor MTV began to develop content that appealed to individual cultures.   This individualized approach also allowed MTV to sell their product to countries with more extreme cultural differences like Israel, Singapore, Cuba, and China. Global Entry Strategy and the Advantages and Disadvantages MTV entered the global market in 1987 with MTV Europe.   Soon they became the largest network in Europe.   As the demand for televisions and paid programming grew in other countries including Latin America and India, MTV took advantage of the opportunity. They targeted the youth market in these countries in their efforts for global outreach. These were definitely wise decisions and appropriate since youth are as much consumers as adults are.   The advantage to this strategy was that foreign youth do listen to American music, so there was definitely a market for MTV’s type of programming.   The disadvantage was that teens tended to be more interested in the happenings in their own countries.   Solving this problem would be complicated and costly. Global Product Strategy The global product strategy was to produce localized programming content that would appeal to the youth in their individual environments.   This was definitely an excellent strategy since MTV’s audience is for the largest part, youth and teens. Digital television and interactive services are in demand in Europe.   Armed with that knowledge MTV created a service that enabled the viewing audience to acquire information on CD’s, verify concert dates and cast their vote during the MTV European Music Awards from their televisions.   In Asia MTV developed a different approach to programming. They created a virtual veejay who they named LiLi. LiLi is capable of interacting in five different languages in such ways as interviewing guests or giving the audience tips on popular culture.   In Japan, MTV partnered with H&Q Asia Pacific created a service that allowed viewers to subscribe to in order to download music and entertainment news to their mobile phones. The efforts that MTV has made to reach a global audience has surpassed successful.   They now own thirty-three district channels.   They broadcast their programming in eighteen different languages in over one-hundred sixty countries.   MTV is a cultural icon that has acquired 1.8 billion viewers worldwide.            

Causes, Symptoms, and Treatments of Unipolar and Bipolar...

Causes and 2 Unipolar and bipolar disorders are fairly common and they can have devastating effects to an individual. There has been much study and documentation on these disorders. This paper will review the causes of both unipolar and bipolar disorders. The symptoms of both of these disorders will be highlighted and discussed. Treatment options will be reviewed that are available to individuals who find that they are suffering from these disorders. Unipolar disorder is characterized by an individual feeling only depression without the mood swing of extreme happiness. There are many theories about what can cause unipolar disorder. Genetics may play a key role. If a person comes from a family where depression occurs, that family should†¦show more content†¦They are also similar in that there is limited success with these approaches. The cognitive approach consists of four phases and is very effective in helping people overcome depression. The phases start with increasing the individual’s life activities which elevates their mood, the second phase forces individuals to change their automatic negative thoughts so they will be more positive, the third phase takes the new positive attitude and applies that thinking to the individual’s sense of what is happening in their life, the fourth and final stage is to change the primary attitudes that allowed the depressive behavior to begin (Chapter 7, 2009). There are not nearly as many treatments for bipolar disorder. In fact, there is only one treatment that seems to have lasting effects. This treatment uses therapy with a professional coupled with medications. â€Å"Antibipolar drugs, also called mood stabilizers, help steady the mood of those with a bipolar disorder† (Chapter 2, 2009). The advances in treatment are due to the discovery of lithium as a medication. This drug works extremely well to eliminate manic episodes and even help with the depression. The drugs Causes and 5 must be used with therapy because it has been found that neither the drugs or therapy is enough by themselves. Both of these disorders are serious and require the attention of trained professionals. No one has agreed on the causes of these disorders but what is importantShow MoreRelatedBipolar and Unipolar Disorder Essay1484 Words   |  6 Pagesdealing with bipolar or unipolar disorder. Even though these two disorders are similar, there are marked differences, different causes, and different treatment. Bipolar and Unipolar Disorder Bipolar and unipolar are two different disorders that affect millions of people; however, there are differences in between the two mood disorders. Bipolar is differentiated by two distinguishing phases of mania and depression, and the rapid cycling of these two phases is a key element of bipolar. 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